Maternal mortality, also known as maternal death, continues to be the major cause of death among women of reproductive age in many countries and remains a serious public health issue especially in developing countries who, 2007. The maternal mortality ratio mmr is defined as the number of maternal deaths during a given time period per 100 000 live births during the same time period. Maternal mortality has been described as one of the foremost and most neglected health problems and human rights abused in the world. After july 1, 2020, please access the new requirements in the edition or standards manual. Maternal mortality or pregnancyrelated death is defined as the death of a woman during pregnancy or within one year of the end of pregnancy from a pregnancy complication. Maternal health refers to the health of women during pregnancy, childbirth and the postpartum period. From any cause related to, or aggravated by the pregnancy or its management. Maternal health unfpa united nations population fund. In such settings, many newborns with asphyxia or infection can also be saved. It depicts the risk of maternal death relative to the number of live births and essentially captures the risk of death in a single pregnancy or a single live birth. Causes of maternal mortality include postpartum hemorrhage, eclampsia, obstructed. As described in this chapter, data collection methods vary by their capacity to identify pregnancyrelated versus true maternal deaths. Maternal morbidity or obstetric morbidity as defined above can lead in turn to death. Niger has the highest lifetime risk of maternal mortality of any country in the world, 1 in 7.
Maternal death or maternal mortality is defined by the world health organization who as the death of a woman while pregnant or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy, irrespective of the duration and site of the pregnancy, from any cause related to or aggravated by the pregnancy or its management but not from accidental or incidental causes. Definitions the consequences of maternal morbidity and. List indicators used to assess maternal mortality and morbidity. The prepublication version of the maternal safety standards will be available online until june 30, 2020. Maternal mortality is the probability or percentage of mothers. Some sources will define maternal mortality as the death of a woman up to 42 days after her pregnancy has ended, instead of one year. The maternal mortality ratio in developing countries is 240 per 100 000 births versus 16 per 100 000 in developed countries. In the triennium 201120, 214 women in the uk died directly or indirectly related to pregnancy. Most maternal and neonatal deaths can be averted through proven interventions including adequate nutrition, improved hygiene practices, antenatal care, skilled health workers. Definition of the 1986 american college of obstetricians and gynecologistscenters for disease control maternal mortality study group. Application of the tenth revision of the international classification of diseases icd to deaths during pregnancy, childbirth, and the puerperium icd maternal mortality mm divides maternal deaths into direct obstetric deaths ie, deaths resulting from the obstetric complications of pregnancy, interventions, omissions, incorrect treatment, or a chain of events resulting from any of the.
Maternal death is the death of a woman while pregnant or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy, irrespective of the duration and site of the. Since 1990, the base year for the millennium development goals, an estimated 10 million women have died from complications. Maternal death or maternal mortality is defined by the world health organization who as the death of a woman while pregnant or within 42 days of. Pdf risk factors for maternal mortality in nigeria. Who guidance for measuring maternal mortality from a census maternal mortality as a global health issue has gained increased recognition over the past two decades, due to its inclusion as a key target indicator in a number of international conferences. Maternal mortality in the united states, 1935 to 2007. The global maternal mortality ratio has fallen from 342 maternal deaths per 100,000 live births in 2000 to 211 deaths per 100,000 live births in 2017. Mortality refers to the incidence of death or the number of deaths in a. The world health organization notes that the 42 day period is somewhat arbitrary, and for this reason, they also have the definition of late maternal death. Dec 01, 2016 maternal mortality rate maternal mortality rate is the number of maternal deaths per women of reproductive age usually 1549 years. There are large disparities between countries, with few countries having extremely high maternal mortality ratios of or more per 100 000 live births.
Maternal mortality estimations per 100 000 live births have declined over the period 2000 to 2015, from 33 to 16, and a wider gap has been identified between countries 7. Maternal mortality centers for disease control and. Morbidity refers to the state of being diseased or unhealthy within a population. Investing in maternal health is a political and social imperative, as well as a costeffective investment in strong health systems overall. Maternal death is officially defined by the world health organization 1992. Maternal mortality rate maternal mortality rate is the number of maternal deaths per women of reproductive age usually 1549 years. Maternal mortality remains a universally recognized pu blic health priority, despite efforts and some success in addressing this issue. Maternal mortality and morbidity task force and dshs joint. Morbidity vs mortality difference and comparison diffen. Mortality is the term used for the number of people who died within a population.
Maternal death is death of a woman 9while pregnant,or 9within 42 days of termination of pregnancy. Morbidity refers to an incidence of ill health in a population. Multiple approaches to measuring maternal mortality exist and are in practice around the world. The 100fold decline of maternal mortality is due to the modern scientific understanding of the cause of maternal mortality and the adoption of practices which appear surprisingly simple in hindsight. Maternal death can happen while a woman is pregnant, during labor and delivery, or in the 42 days after childbirth or the termination of pregnancy. Mortality definition of mortality by merriamwebster. The comparable risk in the developed world is 1 in 8,000. Maternal deaths represent only a small fraction of the burden of maternal morbidity 8. Death due to pregnancyrelated causes is known as maternal mortality or maternal death.
Trends in maternal mortality were estimated either directly from vital registration data or from a hierarchical or multilevel model, depending on the data available for a particular country. Global maternal mortality rate the pregnancy related mortality and morbidity ratio is an estimate of the number of pregnancyrelated deaths and complications for every 100,000 live births. The estimated maternal mortality rate per 100,000 live births for 48 states and washington, dc excluding california and. Maternal mortality ratio per 100 000 live births who. Institutional information concepts and definitions the united nations. The major causes of maternal morbidity and mortality include haemorrhage, infection, high blood pressure, unsafe abortion, and obstructed labour. In the 2017 npr and propublica series lost mothers. The number of registered maternal deaths due to birth or pregnancyrelated complications per 100,000 registered live births. To develop methods for trend analysis of vital statistics maternal mortality data, taking into account changes in pregnancy question formats over time and between states, and to provide. This work is licensed under a creative commons attribution.
As explained in shah and say 2007, a maternal death is defined as the death of a woman while. Maternal health epidemiology reproductive health series. Severe maternal morbidity smm includes unexpected outcomes of labor and delivery that result in. The pregnancy related mortality and morbidity ratio is an estimate of the number of pregnancyrelated deaths and complications for every 100,000 live births. Maternal mortality rate definition of maternal mortality. Maternal mortality is also a key indicator of health and is associated with the accessibility of maternal and other health care services in a country. Jan 10, 2014 the maternal mortality ratio is 1 out of 10.
Live birth refers to the complete expulsion or extraction from its mother of a product of conception, irrespective of the duration of the pregnancy, which. This ratio is often used as an indicator to measure the nations health. An estimated 287 000 maternal deaths occured worldwide in 2010, most of which were in lowincome and middleincome countries and were avoidable. The countries that achieved the lowest maternal mortality ratio are finland, greece, iceland, and poland. One of the women died due to complications in the pregnancy. Trends in maternal mortality as reported in vital records causes of death from death records a34, o00o95,o98o99. Sep 04, 2019 maternal mortality or pregnancyrelated death is defined as the death of a woman during pregnancy or within one year of the end of pregnancy from a pregnancy complication. All five of the major direct causes of maternal death haemorrhage, sepsis, unsafe abortion, hypertensive disorders and obstructed labour can be treated at a wellstaffed, wellequipped health facility. Centers for disease control and prevention cdc states. Maternal mortality refers to the death of a woman during her pregnancy or up to a year after her pregnancy has terminated.
Who guidance for measuring maternal mortality from a census. Maternal mortality rate is the number of resident maternal deaths within 42 days of pregnancy termination due to complications of pregnancy, childbirth, and the puerperium in a specified geographic area country, state, county, etc. Irrespective of the duration or site of the pregnancy. The death of a woman during pregnancy, at delivery, or soon after delivery is a tragedy for her family and for society as a whole. Information and translations of maternal mortality in the most comprehensive dictionary definitions resource on the web. Define the main types and causes of maternal morbiditymortality. Definition of maternal mortality in the definitions. For maternal mortality, the world health organization who defines a maternal death as the death of a woman during. The state of the worlds children 2009 focuses on maternal and neonatal health and identifies the interventions and actions that must be scaled up to save lives. Maternal mortality rate is the number of resident maternal deaths within 42 days. In a 2009 article on maternal morbidity, the authors said, that generally, there is a distinction between a direct maternal death that is the result of a complication of the pregnancy, delivery, or management of the two, and an indirect maternal death, that is a pregnancyrelated death in a patient with a preexisting or. The maternal mortality ratio mmr is defined as the number of maternal deaths during a given time period per 100,000 live births during the same time period. Strategies toward ending preventable maternal mortality.
Maternal mortality to improve maternal health, barriers that limit access to quality maternal health services must be identified and addressed at all levels of the health system. Definition of maternal mortality in the dictionary. Mar 07, 2020 the top leading cause of maternal mortality and morbidity include hemorrhage, infection, high blood pressure, unsafe abortion and obstructed labor. Emergency obstetric care is critical to reducing maternal mortality. In many countries, maternal deaths have fallen as women have gained access to family planning and skilled birth attendance with backup emergency obstetric care. Definitions of maternal mortality population research institute. This is an indicator of the risk of maternal death among women of reproductive age and provides an indication of the burden of maternal death in the adult female population. As shown below, despite the massive drop in maternal mortality over the long term, substantial racialethnic, socioeconomic, and geographic. The number of registered maternal deaths due to birth or pregnancyrelated. One person in a town of a hundred people died from a plague.
Mortality definition is the quality or state of being mortal. A condition such as tuberculosis can cause morbidity and. We derived estimates of maternal mortality for 172 countries over the period 19902008. Maternal mortality ratio definition of maternal mortality. Three key approaches can considerably improve the health of women in africa. Reproductive health, pregnancy mortality surveillance system webpage. The maternal mortality ratio mmr is defined as the number of maternal deaths during a given time period per 100,000 live births during the same time. Achievement of sexual and reproductive health is also a human rights issue.
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